My Perfect Partner in Life - 7009 Words

My Perfect Partner in Married Life Choosing my perfect partner in life takes a lot of prayers and considerations.I dont like to rush or feel desperately alone and marry the wrong kind of person for the wrong reasons --only to regret it later.Nothing should be more important to me and the person I marry than my spiritual well-being.Foremost that I will consider is she should be a believer and a follower of Christ.Shes a worshipper and with a heart after God.I believe that spiritual compatibility is important in marriage. How Can I Know Who To Marry She was young and beautiful, and had grown up in a small town. He was wealthy, an only child, 40 years old, and worked his fathers livestock business. Their homes were separated by more†¦show more content†¦What areas of conflict could develop in a marriage if the two are not believers? What effect could this type of marriage have on the faith of their children as they grow up? [Also See Unequally Yoked] [Return To Headings] prayerpower-Bar Trust God Its not easy to wait for someone else to give you what you desperately long for. Its silly, I know, but I dont enjoy waiting in a long line at a fast-food place where the smell of the hamburgers only makes me hungrier. I dont enjoy financial crunches when bills come in faster than paychecks, and Im left wondering when and if the account balance will ever be in the black again. Our entire lives seem to be a process of learning to wait in dependence on others. It all begins when we are infants--we want our milk, our blankie, our favorite stuffed animal, or a clean diaper. We have to learn again and again that we cant have everything now. We have to wait for Mom and Dad or others to provide what we need. As Christians, we have to learn over and over that we must wait on the Lord, the One who provides all we need. Its not an easy lesson for any of us. We have to discover that His timing is best, that He has everything under control. Thats easier said than done. For a man or woman who has an aching heart and longs to get married, the wait can be very, very hard. What does the story of Isaac and Rebekah tell us about trusting God toShow MoreRelatedPerformance Process : All The Performances924 Words   |  4 PagesPerformances in your class have helped me get my confidence back. I spent almost my entire twenties preforming in front of all types of audiences. Comedy has always been an artistic release for me that I enjoyed. Somewhere down the line in my performance career I lost the passion to perform, it lead to a deep depression, and an involuntary hospitalization. After this, my confidence was completely destroyed not just in my preforming art but also in life in general I had nowhere to go except up. AlthoughRead MoreWhy Don t You Write One?1294 Words   |  6 PagesMy grandfather always told me that I would find the one for me. Jokingly I’d play along and say â€Å"How do I know when I’ve found her?† No matter how many times I’d rephrase the question or throw a spin on it, he would always respond that Iâ⠂¬â„¢d know by the way my potential significant other would make me feel; that our bond would feel more like an everlasting friendship rather than a cruel torment of dealing with a person who does not fit my ideal of a significant other. I playfully ask him one day â€Å"WhyRead MoreEssay on Romance Movies and Real Life Relationships1249 Words   |  5 PagesThese films give the wrong impression of reality when it comes to dating, marriage, having children, and even how to manage a relationship in the first place. Even though romantic movies are commonly watched, there are many effects on personal real-life relationships after watching these types of films. To begin with, romantic movies mold expectations of what love is really like. They portray that love is the only thing that matters. In the past, love was secondary. Relationships were arranged byRead MoreReconciliation780 Words   |  4 Pagesthe same on each sheet. The numbers, which do not fit with a partner, remains unreconciled. The story is written in first-person narrator, where we get the story told by the narrator Laura. The story is chronologically constructed with an open end, which is typically for the short story genre. The narrator is a middle-aged woman, who has not found the meaning of her life yet â€Å"It’s my first day (†¦) and I have forgotten my shoes†, her life is very disorderly and chaotic. Her sense of well-prepared isRead MoreDgrwtrw1526 Words   |  7 PagesYou can forgive and move on with your life to be happy but not forget. In the short story â€Å"Forgiveness† by Rebecca Brown, the protagonist does not forgive her mate for taking advantage of her to an extent where she is completely broken. I personally believe in all circumstances, in order for one to be truly happy in life, it is critical to forgive but never forget.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the short story â€Å"Forgiveness† the lead character says â€Å"when I said I’d give my right arm for you, I didn’t think youRead MoreThe Love Of Love And Love1732 Words   |  7 Pagesin love gives a feeling of purpose; something to live and strive for. Everyone in this world desires love in any form, whether it is with family, friends, or a romantic partner. It is a basic human need. Basic needs are said to motivate people when they are essentially unmet. When love and affection are missing from a person’s life they feel compelled to create it in their lives. Humans tend to become fixated on the powerful feeling of being in love. While some believe that infatuation has no originRead MoreSex and the City894 Words   |  4 Pagesand the City is a comedy series on HBO based on the lives of four single women in their 30’s, living in New York City, trying to succeed in life and love. The show capture s all the trials and tribulations, in and out of bed, women go through while trying to find the perfect mate. Between the four ladies, they spend most of their time searching for the perfect pair of Jimmy Choo shoes, sipping Cosmopolitan’s at social events and engaging in meaningless conversation with all the wrong men. Sex andRead MoreThe Home For Perfect By Erica Naone973 Words   |  4 Pageswomen are obligated to fill roles in their relationships that will keep them dependent on their partners for as long as they are together. 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He falls in love with a woman by the name of Song, who turns out to be not what he expected.Read MoreSex, Religion, And Gender1073 Words   |  5 Pagessusceptible. To intrigue my curiosity, I asked five different subjects a set of five questions. And all subjects are different ages, gender, and relationship status. The five questions are â€Å"What do you look for in a partner,† â€Å"Do you believe in premarital sex,† â€Å"What is your opinion on cheating,† â€Å"What is your opinion on transgender people,† and â€Å"Do you know what Coitus Interruptus is ?† Many of us have different ideas of the perfect partner. Some people want their partner to be smart, classy, and

Essay on Level of Punishment Does Not Fit the Crime

It is insulting to the victims and families of victims of serious crimes that the justice system fails to make sure that criminals pay the price for the devastation that they cause. For example, Johannes Mehserl only served 2 years in prison for the killing of innocent member of public, Oscar Grant. At the same time, there are examples of 5 years prison sentences for the possession of marijuana. This is enormously unfair, as someone who can take the life of another human being should receive a far harsher punishment than someone whose crime only effects themselves. In today’s society, the level of punishment for crimes are decided and applied by the laws of every country. However, in recent years there has been an increasing sense that†¦show more content†¦How is this possible? How can it be fair that the justice system give a woman who was motivated by love to end her child’s suffering, twice the sentence that was given to a man who set out to harm innocent people? These cases demonstrate the inequality in the justice system that can be caused by judges having too much power to vary the sentences they give to people. If there were clearer guidelines on minimum and maximum sentencing, it would significantly help to address these miscarriages of justice. Although the public want to see criminals punished, the justice system today has been criticised for applying punishments which can seem excessive and sometimes ridiculous. For example, a pub landlord was jailed for six months and fined  £10,000 for allowing people to smoke in his 2 pubs when the smoking ban came in to force in 2008. With the cost of a place in the UK prison totalling to  £119,000, how can this be seen as good value for the tax payer? In addition to these costs, this approach to justice leads to the greater problem of prison over-crowding. A clear example of this problem can be seen when looking at United States of America. One adult American in every ten will go to prison (one in nine for young African American men). America has a prison population of a staggering 2.5 million – nearly half the total population ofShow MoreRelatedRunning Head:. Response Paper 1 Response Paper 3. Advanced1277 Words   |  6 PagesArizona State University Response Paper Crime in the 20th century has become one of the most widely studied areas of research. Today, I am going to briefly outline some of the theories of crime that are used to study the subject. What I will be evaluating these theories against will be small scale property crime such as theft. Classical theory states that crime is committed when there are more benefits to committing the crime than punishments. It also states that crime is a choice and is done with freeRead MoreThe Theory Of Crime And Crime1260 Words   |  6 PagesResponse Paper Crime in the 20th century has become one of the most widely studied areas of research. 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However, there are also times when the punishment does not fit the crime or is excessive. People that commit these crimes do so in hoping that they won’t get caught but when they do they know that they are going to have a punishment that fits the crime. This paper is going to look at the difference between misdemeanors and felonies and the punishment that go with the crimes, and the sentencingRead MoreThe Evolution Of Punishment And Its E ffect On Society949 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The evolution of punishment has come a long way in Canada from Confederation in the 1800’s to present day 21st century. Research has been going on continuously to identify whether these punishments are based on a person’s behaviour or on society itself. The word punishment is referred to as a penalty inflicted on an offender through judicial procedure (Punishment | Definition of Punishment by Merriam-Webster). In today’s society does the punishment equivalent to the crime committed by an offenderRead MoreCriminal Law, Questions and Answers 1284 Words   |  5 Pagesin order to combat the high levels of crime. However, there are several areas of criminal law that has received increasing support for restorative justice as opposed to our current system, such as when dealing with youth offenders. Despite the harsh criticism of restorative justice, it has received judicial recognition in a number of cases recently. 2 Punishment Punishment is one of the most important features of the criminal process. Regardless of which punishment theory is being used, one mustRead MoreLiterature Review Retributive Justice: The Case of Justin Wolfe1838 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction A jury convicted Justin Wolfe of premeditated killing for hire, the use of a firearm in the commission of a felony, and conspiracy to distribute marijuana. The jury further ruled that Wolfe fit the vague standards of future vileness and dangerousness necessary for capital punishment. While Wolfe made multiple admissions during his testimony, he did not admit to conspiracy to commit murder or murder for hire. The presence of two offenders in murder for hire, resulting in shared culpability

Consequences of High Interest Rates in the Ghanaian Economy….. Free Essays

string(40) " face value of 100,000 might be 90,000\." Interest rates are among the closely watched variables in the economy. The media on daily bases record their movement because they affect our everyday lives and have crucial consequences for the health of the economy. They affect personal decisions as whether to consume or save, whether to buy a house and whether to purchase bonds or put funds into a savings account. We will write a custom essay sample on Consequences of High Interest Rates in the Ghanaian Economy†¦.. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Interest rates also affect the economic decisions of households or businesses such as whether to put their money in the bank or invest in new equipments for factories. Before continuing, we must understand exactly what interest rates mean. By holding financial instruments , such as loans or bonds. Savers and financial institutions extend credits to those individuals or firms that issue the instruments. The amount of credit extended is the principal amount of the loan or the bond. Those who hold financial instruments do so because they receive payments from the issuers in the form of interest. The percentage return earned is the interest rate or rate of return. Rate of return is the price of credit in financial markets and is usually expressed as a percentage (%) of the total amount borrowed that is to be paid each year (over and above the repayment of the principal, or amount borrowed). Thus, it is the price of credit of the rate of exchange between the present and the future. Rate of returns (r) vary given interest rate (i). It is the value of i that just equates the present value (PV) of the benefits of the extra capital when discounted at i to its cost (Pk). That is, r is defined as : r=MRP/Pk, where: MRP=Marginal Revenue Product Pk= Cost We would however, take a look at how interest rate is calculated, various theoretical analyses that seek to explain the determination of interest rates, distinctions between nominal and real interest rates. Finally, we shall relate it to the case of the Ghanaian economy and look at the consequences of the high interest rates in Ghana. CONCEPTS OF INTEREST YIELD/RATE Interest yields on financial instruments are thought of in different ways. The most important of these are Nominal Yield Current Yield Yield to Maturity NOMINAL YIELD Assuming that a bond is issued in an amount of 100,000 with an agreement to pay 6000 in interest every year. The annual payment of 6000 is the bond’s annual coupon return. This is simply the fixed amount of interest that the bond yields each year. The nominal yield on a bond is equal to rN= C/F, where rN is the nominal yield, C is the coupon return and F is the face amount of the bond. The annual yield of the 100,000bond with the 6000 coupon yield or return is equal to 6000 / 1000,000=0. 06 or 6 percent. Current Yield The current secondary market price of the bond typically is not the face value of the bond. Bonds often sell in the secondary market at prices that are different from their face value. For this reason, those contemplating on bond purchase often are interested in the current yield of a bond. This equals to r i =C/P Where ri denotes the current market yield, C is the coupon return and P is the current market price of a bond. For instance, the current market price of a bond with a face value of 100,000 might be 90,000. You read "Consequences of High Interest Rates in the Ghanaian Economy†¦.." in category "Papers" If the coupon return on the bond is 6,000 per year, then annual current yield on this bond is equal to 6,000/90,000=0. 667 or 6. 7 percent. Yield on Maturity A bond’s yield on maturity is the rate of return if the bond is held until maturity. Calculating this yield can be complicated, however, because the bonds normally differ. Typically, bonds are sold at a discount, below its face value. Hence, other things being equal, the bond holder receives an automatic capital gain if the bond is held to maturity. A capital gain occurs when the value of a financial asset at the time it is redeemed or sold is higher than its market value when it was purchased. Consequently, the bond pays a coupon return. The yield to maturity must account for both the capital gain and the coupon returns that a bond yields to its owner. MEASURING INTEREST RATES The financial credit market instrument can be classified under four types ?Simple Loan This provides the borrower with an amount of funds (principal) which at the maturity date must be repaid to the lender along with an additional amount known as an interest payment. Supposing, a bank made you a simple loan of 100,000 for one year, you would have to pay the principal of 100,000 in one year’s time along with an additional interest payment of say 10,000 given interest rate to be 10%. Most often, commercial bank loans to businesses are often of this type. ?Fixed payment loan: This provides the borrower with an amount of funds that he is to repay by making the same payment every month, which comprises part of the principal and interest for a given number of years. For example, if you borrowed 100,000, a fixed payment loan might require you to pay 12,600 every year for 25 years. ?Coupon Bond A coupon bond pays the owner of the bond a fixed interest payment every year until the maturity date, when a specified final amount is repaid. For example, a coupon bond with 100,000 face values might pay you a coupon payment of 10,000 per year for 10 years and at the maturity date repays you the face value amount of 100,000. Discount Bond A discount bond is bought at a price below its face value (at a discount) and the face value is repaid at the maturity date. However, unlike the coupon bond, the discount bond makes no interest payment. It just pays off the face value. For example, a discount bond with a face value of 100,000 might be bought for ? 90000 and in a yearà ¢â‚¬â„¢s time the owner would be repaid a face value of 100,000. These four types of instruments require payments at different times. Simple loan and discount bonds make payment only at their maturity dates, while fixed payment loans and coupon bonds have payments periodically until maturity. The decision as to which of the instruments provides you with more income is difficult since they all make payments at different times. To solve this problem, the concept of present value was invented to provide us with a procedure for measuring interest rate on these different types of instruments, Present Value (PV) approach shows the present value Ao of a known amount An, to be received in ‘n’ years assuming compound interest is at the rate ( i) . The present value (PV) formula is Ao=An/(1+i)n NORMINAL VERSUS REAL RATES OF INTEREST So far we have discussed interest rates only in current cedi terms. There is, however, a problem with this. Inflation can erode the value of interest received when a financial instrument matures. Any individual must take this into account when evaluating how much to save. For instance, supposing that a saver can earn a stated current cedi interest rate or nominal interest rate of r=0. 06(6%) on each cedi that he allocates to a one year bond. Supposing also that the saver expects that prices of goods and services would rise by a factor, ? e=0. 03(3%) Where ? e is expected rate of inflation. This is the rate of inflation that he expects to face. Such inflation would reduce the amount of goods and services that his interest would permit him to purchase. Thus, although the saver earns post interest on the bonds he anticipates the inflation will eat away at that interest and the rate ? e. Hence, the real interest rate that this saver anticipated or his expected inflation-adjusted interest rate is approximately equal r = r-? e r = 0. 06-0. 03=0. 03, Where r = real interest and r = nominal interest rate. In terms of what his savings can buy this saver actually anticipates earnings only 3% on his one year bond. A rate of return in current-cedi terms that does not reflect anticipated inflation is known as Nominal Interest Rate. The anticipated rate of return from holding a financial instrument after taking into account the extent to which inflation is expected to reduce to the amount of goods and services that this return could be used to buy is termed as Real Interest Rate. The real interest rate is crucial for determining how much the individual desires to save. The reason is that savings is foregone consumption. This individual is likely to give up more consumption if the real rate of return on savings is large. This means that the real interest rate is a crucial determinant of the saving in the nation where this saver is a citizen. Countries with high nominal interest rates often experience very low saving rates because expected inflation is so high. THEORIES OF INTEREST RATES Various theories have been propounded by various economists to explain the determination of interest rates. However we would focus on three main theories namely; †¢Classical theory †¢Neo-classical/Loanable funds Theory †¢Keynesian/Liquidity Preference Theory CLASSICAL /REAL THEORY OF INTEREST RATES This theory by Marshall and Pigou uses savings and investment in determining interest rates. The theory equates investment to demand for capital or supply of bonds (i. e. , sales of bonds). and savings to supply of Capital or Demand for bonds (i. e. purchases of bonds). Hence interest rate is determined when investment equals savings as illustrated below Figure 1. INVESTMENTS – SAVINGS COMBINATION IN THE BONDS MARKET Where B (supply of bonds) = I( investment ) B (demand for bonds )= S (savings) r is the equilibrium rate of interest at where S=I According to the classicals, there are only two groups of people in the market to provide bonds; investors and government. Firms sell bonds in order to have capital or funds for investments. The sale of bonds however, depends on the expected rate of returns and the cost in selling the bonds. Hence bond price is expressed as PB=Y/r where PB=Bond Price , Y=rate of returns and r= interest rate, implying an inverse relationship between Bond prices and interest rates, Expected rate of returns is assumed fixed, and when interest rate rises above the rate of returns, it affects the relationship between investment and interest rate. Assumptions: †¢The classicals assume that, †¢Income is constant †¢The saving-investment schedules are independent of one another Criticisms: †¢Keynes asserts that income is variable and not constant and that the equality between savings and investment is brought about by changes in income and not by variations in the rate of interest. †¢Keynes also states that the saving-investment schedules are not independent of one another THE NEO-CLASSICAL/LOANABLE FUNDS THEORY This theory explains the determination of interest in terms of demand and supply of loanable funds or credit. The theory defines rate of interest as the price of credit which is determined by the demand and supply for loanable funds. According to Prof. Lerner, it is the price which equates the supply of credit or saving plus the net increase in the amount of money in a period to the demand for credit or investment plus net hoarding in the period Demand for Loanable Funds. Three main entities of demand for loanable funds; governments, business men and consumers need them for purposes of investment, hoarding and consumption. Government borrows funds for constructing public works. Business men borrow for the purchase of capital goods and for investment projects. Such borrowings are interest elastic and depend mostly on the expected rate of profit. Individual consumers however may demand loanable funds for the purchase of durable consumer goods like houses. These borrowings are also interest elastic. At lower rates of interest, people borrow more than at higher rates of interest in order to enjoy their consumption now. Supply of loanable funds The supply of loanable funds comes from savings, dishoardings and bank credit. The main sources of supply of loanable funds are private, individual and corporate savings. Savings depend on the level of income. For a given level of income savings will depend on interest rate, and the higher the interest rate the greater will be the inducement to save and vice versa. This saving is referred to as Personal Savings. Corporate savings are the undistributed profits of firms and it also depends on current rate of interest to some extent. High interest rate deters borrowing and thus encourages savings. Dishoarding may also occur when interest rate is high or increases. Thus, one dishoards (ie, releasing hoarded money or idle money holdings), if the cost of holding that money increases as a result of high interest rate. Hence, there is a positive relationship between interest rate and dishoarding. Banks also give credit when the borrowing rate is high. That is when interest rate on credit payable by borrowers is high, hence a positive relationship between interest rate and bank credit. Criticisms: †¢Savings not interest elastic. The theory over emphasis the influence of the rate of interest on savings as interest elastic. Thus, people save not only to earn rate of interest but also for other purposes like precautionary motive, hence savings are interest inelastic. †¢The theory is also criticized for combining monetary factors with real factors making it unrealistic. †¢Equilibrium rate reflects unstable equilibrium. The demand and supply schedules for loanable funds determine the equilibrium rate of interest OR which does not equate each component on the supply side with the corresponding components on the demand side. KEYNESIAN/ LIQUIDITY PREFERENCE THEORY Keynes defines interest rate as the price which equilibrates the desire to hold wealth in the form of cash that is the demand and supply of money determines interest rates. The supply of money is considered fixed and exogenously determined (that is inelastic). Demand for money is also called liquidity preference which is the desire to hold money. In this case, interest rate is the premium which has to be offered to induce people to hold their wealth in some form other than hoarded money. According to Keynes, speculative demand for money is determined by interest rate and bond prices. He considered the current interest (i) as that which determines the speculative demand for money. The higher the rate of interest, the lower the speculative demand for money. At very low rate of interest people will rather prefer to keep their money in cash than investing in bonds because purchasing of bonds will mean a loss. Determination of interest rates The equilibrium interest rate is determined at a point where the supply and demand for money equilibrates. At the point of liquidity trap, there is the belief that interest rate will not fall but will at a point in time rise hence investors hold money against future rise in interest rate. Criticisms: †¢The theory is considered as indeterminate by Prof. Handson. Keynes asserts the liquidity preference determines the interest rates. The problem is that a new liquidity preference curve would have to be drawn at each level of income. This indicates that income levels will have to be known before otherwise, the supply and demand for money curves cannot tell us what the interest rates will be. †¢Hicks and others were of the view that interest rate is determined by the following; i. Investment demand function ii. Savings function iii. Liquidity preference function iv. Quantity of money function. They are present in Keynes theory but not all are the interest rate analysis. Keynes ignores investment and savings, hence his theory is considered as incomplete. TRENDS IN SAVINGS AND LENDING RATES IN THE GHANAIAN ECONOMY (1994-2004). YEAR19941995199619971998199920002001200220032004 LENDING RATE31. 2440. 5641. 7143. 5838. 536. 54743. 7536. 3632. 7528. 8 DEPOSITE RATE21. 3726. 7532. 2432. 320. 215. 3925. 817. 4312. 4911. 969. 87 INTEREST SPREAD9. 8713. 819. 4711. 2818. 321. 1121. 226. 3223. 8720. 7918. 9 The interest spread was calculated as a difference in the averages of the lending and the deposit rates covering the said period. Between 1997 and 2001, the interest spread increased and subsequently started falling at a slightly varying decreasing rate. This was the period when the lending rates were high 43. 75% in 2001, down from 47% in 2000 because of the high inflation rate and the general turbulence within the economy. The corresponding deposit rate was 17. 43%. Between the years 2001 and 2004, the average interest spread was 23. 66%. This rate of profits of the commercial banks, heralded the spiral influx of foreign banks especially from neighbour Nigeria. It has been taunted that the banking sector is doing very well. In reality there has not been much competition between the existing banks, hence the high lending rate as well as their profits. They tended to act as collusive oligopolies. Recent developments and trends in the banking sector has been that, competition at long last has set in. For instance the Zenith Bank has unilaterally decided to reduce it’s lending rate 14. 1% with respect to the general rate. This will result in much more innovation in the sector resulting in better banking services and a general reduction in the interest rate as pertained in competitive markets. From the existing trends, especially as indicated in the graph above, other sectors of the economy will take advantages of the low interest rate to boost up investments and hence output with a resultant increase in the GDP. This is the miracle of interest rates. HIGH VERSUS LOW INTEREST RATES IN THE GHANAIAN ECONOMY. In most economies including Ghana, interest rates are largely influenced by the prime rate which is the rate at which the central bank gives over-night loans to the commercial banks. Thus, when Bank of Ghana (BOG) fixes its prime rate, interest rates are adjusted depending on the direction of the prime rate. There is however a positive relationship between prime rate and interest rates. When prime rate is set high or low interest rates are also fixed relatively high or low. For instance, interest rates followed a declining pattern in 2003. The monetary policy committee of BOG revised the prime rate downwards from 21. 5% in 2003 to 18. 5% in 2004. In line with this downward revision, the commercial banks’ base rates dropped from an average of 29. 0% to 25. 4%. Interest rates for the 91-day treasury bill dropped from 18. 71% at the beginning of the year to 17. 8% at the close of December 2004. The inter-bank interest rate also dropped from 17. 12% in January to 16. 23% at the end of December. Interest rates, however, low or high have both favourable and adverse effects on the economy of a country. During periods of high interest rates investment falls and savings increase and vice versa in the case of low interest rates. The table and graph below shows interest rates, 1998-2004 and interest rate margins respectively. YEAR1998199920002001200220032004 SAVINGS22262929. 2525. 232319. 25 TIME DEPOSITS914. 7513. 520. 520. 1418. 515. 5 Holders of stocks lose during periods of high interest rates and holders of money (cash) gain though money earns zero interest. In periods of economic boom, high interest rates might be needed to check inflation, while low interest rates will be needed to stimulate investments and create employment in recessions. In between these two extremes, interest rates are adjusted up or down depending on prevailing economic conditions. High interest rates will slow down the economy and cripple the private sector. Investors cannot access funds from financial institutions, thus creating low level of investments. It will also be tempting to invest available funds in high yielding bonds than in infrastructural business investments. This will reduce spending, shrink national output and bring down inflation. Low level of investments will therefore create unemployment. The central bank reacts by lowering interest rates using the sight deposit rate (inter-bank transaction rate with commercial banks also referred to as the key rate). Low interest rates stimulate the economy. Investors can access low-cost capital for investment. Employment increases, and the national output increases. Low interest rates therefore allow for borrowing and spending, but then, inflation will also pick up. As inflation picks up, companies can increase employment, since real wages decrease. Successive increase in interest rate leads to inflation. Inflation however bad for an economy also leads to reducing unemployment rates since there is a negative relationship between inflation rate and unemployment rate. CONSEQUENCES OF HIGH INTEREST RATES IN THE GHANAIAN ECONOMY. High interest rates have certain repercussions in the Ghanaian economy. Prior to 1987, there was a decline in economic growth and development in Ghana due to high interest rates. Current high interest rates on bank loans (over 25%) and treasury bills (17%) have been a serious impediment to raising capital in the local market. private sector growth in Ghana has been constrained by limited financing opportunity for private investments. High interest rates lead to crowding out of the private sector in the money market; it makes available loanable funds to the government. Thus, lenders of loanable funds shift lending to only the government with the surety that there is 100% safety in retrieving their money since they believe that governments do not die. Studies done in the past show that the growth process in Ghana has been driven mostly by public investments. As a result, some have attributed the lack of accelerated growth to a combination of weak investment and low productivity from the private sector. Hence the current government in its manifesto promised to make the private sector the engine of growth by providing the right socio-economic framework. For example, the government through the monetary policy committee of the bank of Ghana (BOG) managed to reduce the Bank’s Prime Rate from 21. % in 2003 to 18. 5% in 2004 and currently down from 15. 5% at the beginning of 2006 to 14. 5%. When the prime rate fell, the BOG was expecting a corresponding decrease in commercial bank lending rates but its evident that the private sector is not responding to such developments; commercial bank lending rates have ranged between 18. 5% and 33. 5% as indicated by the Governor of the BOG. This has been a major concern for small and medium scale enterprises that cannot access loans at these exorbitant rates to expand their activities High interest rate may lead to increase in debt ratio that is, when interest rate is set high, cost of governments borrowing increases, interest payments increases and total debt increases. When government wants to finance its debt, it either prints out or borrows money to finance its debt. However if the government wants to avoid the former which usually leads to inflation, it falls on borrowing to finance its debt. These borrowings also attract interest payment which increases the total debt payment in economy. For instance, profile of interest rates in Ghana reveals the real rates ranging from 10% to 21. 7% in 1996 to 1999. The high rates which are more than 100% between 1996 and 1999 worsen the debt burden. It is clear that since1997, borrowing from domestic sources was not even enough to finance the deficit as a result of high interest payments, thus for the last half of the 1990’sthe country had to borrow externally and/or print money to finance the deficit. For instance, in 1995 change in domestic debt was 200. 9 billion cedis but interest payment was 232. billion cedis which is over and above the change in domestic debt. As in year 2000 change in domestic debt was just 855. 5 billion cedis but interest payment was1446. 2 billion cedis over and above the change in debt. Consequently, as a result of the borrowing (i. e. domestic and external) it contributed to a high rate of growth of our debt that led to a state of bankruptcy in which the government failed to honour its debt obl igation. As a result, in 2001 the Ghanaian economy was declared H. I. P. C. ?The need for the government to make interest payments on large debt may contribute to inflation. For example ,inflation may result if the government decides to finance interest payment, not by collecting taxes, instead by borrowing. For instance, prior to year 2000, the government of Ghana depended on borrowing to finance its debt as a result inflation recorded at that period was very high ( i. e. 41%). ?At very high rate of interest people hold bonds or save money rather than investing. Inflation occurs as a result of higher prices of goods and services, cost of living become very high, the poor and low income earners suffer economic hardships. Between 1980 and 1983 in Ghana, inflation was very high not forgetting interest rate as well. This led to economic hardships in 1983. ?High interest rate deprives both local and foreign investors from investing in the economy. This disturbs economic growth and development. In Ghana, when interest rates are high foreign investors invest in capital goods rather than in productive ventures. In spite of the consequences of high interest rate, there are also some benefits. The truism that high interest rate contributes to high inflation rate reduces unemployment ratio in the economy. In Ghana for instance, the economy has achieved respectable rate of GDP growth averaging over 4% in the 1990s as compared to the negative average growth rate over the period 1970 -1983. However, the average inflation rate fell to about 19% in 1998 relative to 122% in 1983 due to increase in employment levels or a reduction in unemployment levels as one of the factors responsible for this trend. ?High interest rate serves as a tool for monetary control in the economy. Through the use of the open market operation (OMO), where the economy is operating beyond its full employment level. That is when it is considered as being hot; the rate of interest can be increased by the central bank in the purchases of previously issued governments bonds. This mops up excess liquidity thereby reducing the money supply in the economy. The result is that demand for money now exceeds money supply thereby bidding up interest rate. This slows down the growth rate to an acceptable level enabling the economy to operate at full employment level. ?During periods of high interest rate, financial institutions records very high turn-overs. Governments tend to earn high tax revenue through taxes charged on banks’ turnovers. The bank of Ghana’s annual report (1997), recorded a high turn-over as a result of high interest rates as shown in the table below . The Central Bank maintained its rediscount rate at 45. 00per cent throughout the year under review. Money market rates were also fairly stable in the year. The 91-day Treasury Bill discount rate for example remained at 42. 80 per cent through November before declining to 42. 48 per cent at the end of the year. The commercial banks’ borrowing rates were also generally stable throughout the year. Rates for savings deposits moved up slightly from 22. 50-31. 0% to 22. 50-32. 00% and the range for call money from 25. 00-31. 00% to 24. 00-34. 00% per annum. The bank’s lending rates however, showed some upward trends. Rates for the Agricultural sector (usually the lowest) moved up from 30. 00 –47. 00% to 35. 00 – 49. 00% per annum while that for the miscellaneous (usually the highest) rose from 41. 50 – 48. 00% per cen t to 41. 50 – 51. 00% per annum. INTEREST RATES (Percent Per Annum) 1994199519961997 DecemberDecemberDecemberDecember 1. CENTRAL BANK a. Rediscount Rate (Bank Rate)33. 0045. 0045. 0045. 00 b. Treasury Bill Discount Rate(91days)29. 040. 5042. 8042. 48 2. DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS A. Borrowing Rates. (%) i. Demand deposits4. 00-13. 445. 00-10. 005. 00-10. 005. 00-15. 00 ii. Savings Deposits13. 75-22. 5021. 50-31. 0022. 50-31. 5022. 50-32. 00 iii. Time Deposits 1 month22. 00-26. 5026. 00-32. 5029. 00-37. 0029. 00-37. 00 3 months14. 50-31. 0025. 00-36. 0025. 00-40. 5025. 00-39. 00 6 months14. 75-31. 0022. 75-37. 0032. 00-39. 2532. 00-39. 50 12 months14. 00-31. 0023. 50-36. 0027. 75-39. 5027. 75-39. 75 24 months22. 00-29. 2524. 00-35. 0027. 50-35. 0024. 00-35. 00 36 months26. 50-29. 0035. 0035. 0030. 00-38. 00 iv. Certificate of Deposits13. 75-24. 5023. 50-37. 0025. 00-37. 0025. 00-37. 00 v. Call Money25. 00-33. 5024. 00-34. 00 vi. Any other20. 00-24. 0022. 50-25. 0022. 50-33. 0022. 50-33. 00 B. Lending Rates. (%) i. Agriculture, Forestry Fishing22. 50-35. 5028. 00-47. 0030. 00-47. 0035. 00-49. 00 ii. Export Trade20. 38-35. 5034. 25-47. 0030. 00-47. 0035. 00-49. 00 iii. Manufacturing26. 00-35. 5033. 00-47. 0039. 00-47. 0039. 00-49. 00 iv. Mining Quarrying29. 00-37. 5030. 00-47. 5035. 00-47. 5035. 00-49. 00 v. Construction29. 00-37. 5039. 00-47. 5041. 00-47. 5041. 50-49. 00 vi. Other Sector29. 00-37. 039. 00-47. 5041. 50-48. 0041. 50-51. 00 Source: Bank of Ghana During the year under review, total outstanding credit granted by commercial banks to public institutions and the private sector increased by ? 474. 8 billion or 64. 8 per cent to ? 1,207. 2 billion. This compares with an increase of ? 299. 8 billion or 69. 3 per cent in the previous year. The Commerce and Finance sector recorded the highest increase of ? 84. 5 billion followed by Cocoa Marketing sector which registered an increase of ? 78. 2 billion. Significant increases were also recorded in outstanding credit to Manufacturing (? 1. 5 Billion), Construction (? 53. 2 billion), Services (? 49. 7 billion), Mining and Quarrying (? 36. 7 billion) and Import Trade (? 18. 8 billion). Credit for Cocoa financing showed an unusually large increase as a result of financial accommodation given to COCOBOD in the face of a larger than expected crop size. In conclusion, the various levels of interest rate (that is high or low) affect the economy in diverse ways (i. e. positively and negatively). However the optimum benefits derived from those varying levels of interest rates depends on prudent economic management. The interest rate problem does not rest with Government and the Bank of Ghana only but also the commercial banks. The rising rates of interest are acts perpetuated by the banks for more profit and these rates charged by the commercial banks are just too high and that is what hurt investors. In addition, the banks impose charges and commissions which are completely inexplicable. REFERENCES: ?Business and Financial times issue number 689 ?Bank of Ghana Annual report (1997) ?The state of the Ghanaian economy (2004) ?The internet (Nii K. Sowa, CEPA, Inflation and interest rate fixation in Ghana) ? Article by Ampong Owusu Kwabena -Bsc engineering KNUST, Masters in international business (NORWAY), and Masters in Financial Economics (NORWAY). ?Managing Ghana’s Dept. – Nii K. Sowa, CEPA, Accra ?Henderson and Poole; Principles of Economics ?David C. Colander: Economics ?Miller, R. L and D. D. Van Hoose; Money, Banking and Financial Market ? Miskkin F. S: The Economics of Money and Banking and Financial Markets ? Dr. Henry D. Jackson: An Introduction to Macroeconomics 1999 ? Dr. Henry D. Jackson- McConnell Brue: Economics, 5th Edition. How to cite Consequences of High Interest Rates in the Ghanaian Economy†¦.., Papers

My Responsibility to America Essay Example For Students

My Responsibility to America Essay Outline1 Introduction2 Being Informed as an American Citizen3 Law Dictated Responsibilities4 Being Proud of My Country5 Conclusion Introduction Every person in America  has a responsibility  to be loyal to the country and respect the law laid down by the government. The term responsibility  refers to the state of being in charge, answerable, and accountable for something within your management or control. When it comes to pondering about my responsibility to America, what comes to my mind is being faithful by being informed, voting and paying taxes. In addition, it is my responsibility to acknowledge and honor the individuals who defend the freedom of our country  on a daily basis. Unfortunately, a large percentage claims to take pride in being Americans, but on the contrary, they dont take responsibility  in defending our countrys  foundational values and beliefs. They also dont honor the people who have dedicated their lives in defending our rights and keeping these foundational beliefs. On top of paying taxes, voting and being informed, it is essential to note that everyone has ethical and moral obligations which we should all fight for continuously. The people in our country  refer each other as Americans, but the so-called unity is farfetched. My responsibility to this great nation  is to observe all my duties  and to be responsible for safeguarding its ideals. Being Informed as an American Citizen Although it might seem like a necessity, being informed is a fundamental duty every other person in  America  is accountable for. Each one of us should be informed about all the current happenings taking place in our nation, and act accordingly. Every other citizen should be held accountable for  understanding all affairs in our country. Once you are informed, you are in a position to elect officials who are in line with our values and who will uphold American beliefs. It is possible to make a difference once you are informed about the dynamics of our country. Law Dictated Responsibilities As required by the law, my responsibility to America  is to be accountable for  legislative laws and policies. As a citizen of America, there are certain responsibilities  that I am required to fulfill including attending school up to a particular level, paying taxes, being a law abiding citizens, etc. fulfilling duties  is a responsibility  for all citizens in American. In this case, duties may be compared to completing school homework while responsibilities  are the house chores. Although it may not be a must for you to do house chores, it is ethical to work on them. On the contrary, homework  is crucial in acquiring decent grades. Failure to take your homework serious will lead to lower grades which will affect your future academic endeavors. Just the same way with chores and homework,  once Americans dont fulfill their duties  and responsibilities, there will be some consequences. Both aspects are essential for the general functionality of our country. Being Proud of My Country Now that I have grown up, I fully understand at greater depths what being a citizen in America entails. It appears like a foreign perception for individuals not taking pride in their country of origin. I recognize that not everyone who now lives in  America  was born here, but many have decided to live in this great nation. Thus, everyone who lives here should take pride  in that. For sure, not everyone believes in fighting for our country  because they believe that believing in it does not solve anything. One thing they dont understand is the sacrifice some country heroes made for us to enjoy the kind of freedom we are experiencing today. Undeniably, our country  may be having some issues particularly with politicians having different opinions on particular topics but in spite of everything, remember that we enjoy much liberty more than any other country. We have the ability to assist the struggling countries. We are always the first country to offer assistance in the form of finances and moral support once a natural disaster arises. Even though we not in an agreement with all that is happening in this country, at least we need to respect it. .u8b612d0d1e21dcf2540ad5aa5eaad98a , .u8b612d0d1e21dcf2540ad5aa5eaad98a .postImageUrl , .u8b612d0d1e21dcf2540ad5aa5eaad98a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8b612d0d1e21dcf2540ad5aa5eaad98a , .u8b612d0d1e21dcf2540ad5aa5eaad98a:hover , .u8b612d0d1e21dcf2540ad5aa5eaad98a:visited , .u8b612d0d1e21dcf2540ad5aa5eaad98a:active { border:0!important; } .u8b612d0d1e21dcf2540ad5aa5eaad98a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8b612d0d1e21dcf2540ad5aa5eaad98a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8b612d0d1e21dcf2540ad5aa5eaad98a:active , .u8b612d0d1e21dcf2540ad5aa5eaad98a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8b612d0d1e21dcf2540ad5aa5eaad98a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8b612d0d1e21dcf2540ad5aa5eaad98a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8b612d0d1e21dcf2540ad5aa5eaad98a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8b612d0d1e21dcf2540ad5aa5eaad98a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8b612d0d1e21dcf2540ad5aa5eaad98a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8b612d0d1e21dcf2540ad5aa5eaad98a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8b612d0d1e21dcf2540ad5aa5eaad98a .u8b612d0d1e21dcf2540ad5aa5eaad98a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8b612d0d1e21dcf2540ad5aa5eaad98a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Trifles and symbols EssayConclusion I have come to learn that, fulfilling my responsibility to America  is not only what is considered to be an American, but I am also required to take pride in being a part of this nation mainly because of some reasons such as having the rights that many nations dont have. We need to honor the heroes who fault tirelessly for the rights of our country  since they are the main pillars by which the democracy of America is built on. Honestly, there are some responsibilities that we dont enjoy doing, but we are accountable for  them regardless such as paying taxes; but once we consider the dire state by which our country  could be with no such measures, you are prompted to have a change in your perspective and fulfill these responsibilities.

WW II and Hitlers army

The book by Omer Bartov gives a detailed encounter of an army in Germany called Wehrmacht during the reign of Hitler. It depicts aspects some of the reasons why the army engaged in the war between Germany and Russia. The prevailing politics may have motivated the army. It is also believed that professional skills and competences that guided their operations was a major source of motivation.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on WW II and Hitler’s army specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, the following review explores whether the army was a threat to Hitler’s regime or not. It may also be possible that the top officials were merely executing the national socialist ideologies in order to enhance the unity and structure of the army. Some of the aspects of a country’s strategic culture that can be highlighted from this book have been discussed below. War experience During the Second World Wa r, the Wehrmacht’s success was largely based on the ideologies dictated by the Nazi regime despite of advanced technology that was used to fight the experienced Russian army. The German army was extremely inferior in terms of experience and use of technology compared to its opponents. However, through their organization, they were able to counter the attacks made by their mighty opponents. Lack of technologically advanced war mechanisms on the side of German troops led to the acceptance of Hitler’s views. According to Hitler’s views, the battle was a struggle for survival. This ideology demanded total spiritual commitment which was largely a pseudo- religious and mythical ideology that greatly influenced the army against the military, political and traditional values. Bertov (1999) indicates that the commitment by the Wehrmacht army was largely dependent on ideologies, mythology and fanaticism. Social organization After the massive defeat and deaths of the Germa n army in the war that took place in the eastern side, it was evident that the traditional groups (primary groups) of the army were no longer working as a unit to in the army. Therefore, it was necessary to reorganize the social groupings in the army. The Nazi regime had to integrate a new perspective of imaginary groupings so that the troops could look at the war as their duty. Therefore, they could do anything to destroy any real or imaginary enemies (Bartov, 1999).Advertising Looking for book review on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Perversion of discipline Bartov (1999) believed that one of the motivations that made the groups stick together was the harsh discipline which the troops exercised. Unity of the groups depended on the military rule and largely relied on how the army perceived its moral and legal basis. Even when the enemies seemed to be more superior than the German army, the groups never disintegrated completely. This aspect seemed to have been contributed by discipline and the common view which soldiers had about the war. Other than the required discipline as outlined in the martial law, Bartov indicates that much of the discipline and obedience in the army command was not merely due to an ideologically motivated unity. It was also due to fear of brutal punishment. Any force of opposition from the opponent’s army and civilians was met with maximum brutality. Discipline was in line with changes in the martial law. This was considered as the extension of the ideologies of the Nazi regime. Distortion of reality The aspect of distortion of the reality resulted from the ideological perceptions of the regime that were instilled in the minds of the soldiers during both training and at while at war. One of the Nazi ideologies was the use of propaganda in order to make the soldiers believe that the war was meant to protect humanity from demonic attacks. Finally, the Nazi regime a nd its ideologies changed how the German army operated especially during World War II. These ideologies were instrumental in maintaining the military forces together that were needed to fight their enemies despite immense challenges (Bartov, 1999) Reference Bartov, O. (1999). Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazi and War in the Third Reich. New York: Oxford University Press. This book review on WW II and Hitler’s army was written and submitted by user Carolina Glover to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Nathan Forest essays

Nathan Forest essays Nathan Forrest was born in Chapel Hill, Tennessee, on 13th July, 1821. He was born into a poor family of William and Merriam Beck Forrestand was the third child of eleven, but he and eventually became the owner the owner of a large cotton plantation. He was also a slave-trader and the buyer and seller of land. His plantation and slaves led him to become a very wealthy man even though, he was uneducated. On the outbreak of the American Civil War Forrest enlisted in the Confederate Army as a private in Josiah H. White's cavalry company on June 14, 1861. Under the Governor of Tennessees idea of using Forrests wealth by having him a battalion at his own expense. Because of this, in October 1861 he was a lieutenant colonel, and in March 1862 he was promoted to Colonel of the 3rd Tennessee Cavalry. His promotion was earned because he had escaped from Grant at Fort Donelson, which was the only success for the Confederacy at that battle. The Confederates met in northern Mississippi and headed for the Union army at Pittsburgh Landing. He organized the cover for the retreat at Shiloh. Forrest was badly wounded but after he recovered he conducted raids on the Union Army. He took part in the evacuation of Corinth, then was promoted to Brigadier General in July of 1862 and raised the troops needed to have a full brigade. He took them on his first raid to Murfreesboro, and captured the garrison, and destroying track and supplies. The important thing their raid did was throw off the Union advance on Chattanooga ,which allowed Bragg to move into Kentucky. He fought in the battle in Kentucky, but his next independent operation was in west Tennessee. In April, 1864, Forrest and his men captured Fort Pillow in Jackson, Tennessee. The fort contained many blacks and white soldiers.After the war it was said that the soldiers were killed after they had surrended. An investigation discovered that they had killed the garrison after surre...

Smartphones v. Computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Smartphones v. Computers - Essay Example Since the start of time, the human race has been trying to find ways to store and move with information without major challenges. Advanced smartphones have been equipped with large storage, which is also supplemented by the external storage disk. Smartphone users have the habit of downloading or transferring significant content. It makes it easy to access information without connectivity. Most people use large storage in smartphones for pictures, music, video, and messages. The convenience that comes with large storage in smartphones explains the high clamor for smartphones in the society. The built-in storage in most smartphones falls within the range of 8GB to 64GB. The large storage has made it easy to access, transfer, and share all types of data. It should be noted that the storage range provided is enough for most people. The relatively high portability that comes with smartphones makes it easy and convenient to carry it everywhere. They are designed and manufactured for easier handling and carrying. They are a bit bigger than standard mobile phones. Portability makes it easy to move with smartphones, which serve as personal data assistants, video and music player, and a connectivity tool. Smartphone manufacturers use ergonomics helps in designing smartphones that are easy to hold and use. Most of the phones have designed to be slim and light to fit into the pocket easily. The essence is to make it very easy to move around with the phone with minimal discomfort. Laptops (Computer)

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Entrepreneurship - Essay Example A Retail clothing store is also chosen because of the relative ease with which it can be started. Usually clothing retailers do not manufacture their own garments and outsource all their manufacturing to third parties. This is done to keep the focus on the main business activity that is selling garments. In this paper a discussion will be made on how to start a clothing retail business in United Kingdom. A brief outline will be given regarding the idea of the business in the paper. Business developed alongside with costs and market research will also be included in the paper. Major operational issues will also be discussed alongside with the target market and consumer in the paper. Outline of the business Idea The idea behind the business is to open a discounted clothing retail store. The store will offer garments at very affordable rates to the consumers. The aim is to cater to the needs of the consumers in the most affordable form. Low priced clothing will be the unique selling pro position of the business. The notion of selling clothing at lower price is justified because there are many people who would prefer buying clothes at affordable rates. Not many people can afford high prices, even for fashionable clothes, and therefore this store might be able to attract a large number of people. Profit margins will have to be slashed but large amount of sales is likely to compensate for lower profit margins. Another important part of the business strategy will be outsourcing of manufacturing to countries like China and India. These countries are well known for their textile products and can produce garments at very low rates, and European Union countries are already buying textile products from these countries (European Commission, 2012). The business will be outsourcing its manufacturing in order to make sure that enough attention is given to things that are important like marketing and sales. Also expertise of producing clothes at affordable rates is not available in the country and therefore taking help from specialized the developing countries might be the only possible option. The strategy of outsourcing also complements the overall business strategy of the company as it will allow us to order large quantities which will be necessary for large number of sales. The idea behind the business is to attract people who look for clothing at lower prices. The retail clothing store will also focus on quality and this will also attract consumers. After the economic crisis of 2008 people have seen their purchasing power reduced. This is why people will be interested in such economic times in affordable clothing line. Lower prices will be the main focus of the business and this will also be used in the marketing of the business in the country. Market and Consumers The main target market for the business will be the younger generation. Young people usually are short of money; therefore, they look for good bargains when it comes to clothing. They look for new and trendy garments which are affordable, and this is exactly what will we provide them. Younger generation is also the main target market because of the ease with which they can be targeted using social media and other cost effective method. Another major target market for the business will be middle aged people. Economic recession has created many financial problems for middle class

Cultures. African Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cultures. African Culture - Research Paper Example This persuasive essay looks at the African culture and its significance. The African continent consists of two main cultures, which are the Sub-Saharan Africa and North African cultures. These cultures have a number of ethnic, tribes, social groups. One of the main features of this way of life is the large number of cultural groups where some nations can have twenty or more ethnic groups, and the variety of their principles. The African culture is varied and diverse. Like other cultures in the world, it has been obstructed upon by both external and internal forces, which in turn affect it negatively and positively. Their art, music, literature, and African cultural customs of Africa have motivated interest and admiration all over the world (Barakat79). The African continent has a rich custom of arts and crafts. Their arts and crafts observe manifestation in an assortment of leather arts, woodcarvings, brass, and other metal works. These art and crafts consist of sculptures, woodwork paintings ceremonial, pottery, religious ornaments, and other dresses. According to Barakat, African art must be innovative and in being revolutionary, the artists ought to be collective, functional and committed to their works (80). Barakat continues to note that art is socially functional within the society (81). The African culture places a lot of emphasis on the appearance and jewelry, which has endured an important individual accompaniment. Most pieces of this jewelry are crafted using cowry shells and metallic materials (Namulundah 23). In the same way, the masks are crafted using elaborate objects and are significant part of the culture. During ceremonies, these masks are used as symbols of spirits and ancestors, deities and mythological characters (Namulundah 23). Certain themes are significant in the African arts and crafts, and these themes keep on recurring from one art to another. They include men carrying weapons, women carrying children, men posing as hunters with anim als on their shoulders. Pairs may symbolize ancestors, society founder, married people, or twins (Namulundah 23). The couple subject rarely displays intimacy of the married people. The mother carrying a child or children as argued by Namulundah shows strong aspiration of the African women to give birth to her own children (23). The theme is also an agent of woman mars and the communities as her children. On the other hand, the man carrying a weapon or animal subject represents principle and power (Namulundah 23). An alien or a stranger may be someone from other ethnic groups or somebody from a different nation, and accurate representation of the stranger signifies fairly better gap from the stranger (Namulundah, 23). Oral presentation is very important in African arts and crafts. African oral literature includes arts like origin fables, myths, history, folklore, lineage, folk therapies that are very common with the African continent. Initially this information was not recorded in wr itten materials, but instead passed from one generation to another through word of mouth. Storytelling and singing are very common and highly appreciated in this society. Just like other human culture, the African religion and folklore represents different aspects of social issues within the African community (Namulundah 21). Similarly, like all other civilization and cultures, myths have been presented in different parts of the African continent. Religion and culture share space and deeply rooted in the African cultures. For example, the Ethiopian culture consists of their African culture and informs dietary customs together with rites and rituals (Namulundah 21). The pygmy myth

What Is Policy Implementation Politics Essay

What Is Policy Implementation Politics Essay Formatting and implementing policies are different issues in theoretical and practical terms. The implementation might be a complicated process because it concern with political, financial and administrative issues, and it requires motivation, proper lobbying, and technical, professional and administrative support. Policies are written statements of ideas, goals and plans of action, proposed or adopted by some agencies Menou (1991, p.50) Public policymaking is often viewed as a conveyor belt which issues are first recognize as a problem, alternative courses of action are considered, and policies are adopted, implemented by agency personnel, evaluated, changed and finally on the basis of their success. Briefly all this process or activities that occur in public policymaking are the stages of policy cycle which illustrate the life of each policy. Starting from setting the agenda until evaluating the policy than edit it or terminate it by giving an alternative policy which will replace it and pass all the process, each policy must overtake this process that is called policy life cycle. 1. What is policy implementation? 1.1Definition: As a general concept policy implementation can be defined as the third stage of policy cycle its means the stage of the policy process immediately after the passage of a law, or the action that will be taken to put the law into effect or that the problem will be solved. Implementation, viewed most broadly means administration of the law in which various actors, organization, procedures, and techniques work together to put adopted policies into effect in an effort to attain policy or program goals Implementation can be also defined in terms of outputs, or the extent to which programmatic goals are supported or perused, like the level of expenditures that committed to the programs. 1.2 policy cycle : it is a framework that can help to understand better the policy implementation as a stage correlative to other stages. Policy cycle Agenda setting : (Stage 1) we mean by agenda setting the list of problems or issues that government officials or organization are paying serious attention and giving time and considering as a public agenda at the at the public meeting or legislature, in other word it is the set of issues that government decide to take action against. Policy formulation:(stage 2) the passage of legislation designed to remedy past problem or prevent future potential problem, it can be inducements, rules, facts, rights or powers, and typically it is the legislature task Policy implementation:(stage 3) it might consider as the most important part of policy cycle, it means what happen after a bill become a law( Eugene bardach MIT press 1977) or the actions that will be taken to put the law into impact or the problem will be solved by following a set of process to translate the law into actions that ensure the achievement of the legislation. Policy evaluation: (stage 4) considering the results of policy that have been implemented or measuring the actual effects of legislation on the particular problem or to what extent policies achieve its intended results, and thats will be possible by looking for the consequences of the implementation of this policies and learn from it. Policy change or termination: (stage 5) by redesign some policy to become a new policy after evaluates it(Paul Sabatier 1980), or ending outdated policies or programs are found to be unworkable. This stage is the end point of policy cycle that why it can means the policy redirection, project elimination or partial elimination 2. Who implement policy? Typically, the administrative agencies are the primary actors in public policy implementation. However, there are other factors and institutions are also involved in the process such as legislatures, political executive, and the courts. And this is because of the difficulty or the complication of the implementation of policy. 2.1 The bureaucracy: after a law is formulated by the legislature than singed by the executive (president or other chief executives) the next step is for the various administrative agencies to begin the process of implementation, these agencies should carry out the policies under jurisdiction, and those who participate in the legislative process are usually unable or unwilling to develop precise guidelines also because of the complexity, lack of time, interest, or the information of the issue that is under consideration. 2.2 the legislature: typically politics concern with the formulation of policy, which should be handled with the political branches of government, but this traditional view have been changed today because the legislative bodies has become concern with the implementation by drafting a very specific laws which concern with the details and attempt to remove a lot of bureaucratic discretion, and this practice has become a necessity because a lot of failing of policy implementation coming from the problems were not addressed in the original drafting. On the other hand administrative agencies involve in the formulation of policies when they draft regulation in support of existing legislation that typically consider as a legislature task. 2.3 political executives: when presidents, governors, and other chief executives usually find themselves competing with the other political factors to influence administrators by using many tools such as executive order to set policy or the appointment of most heads of executive departments who bring their values, beliefs, and resources to their decisions and action. Whereas the executive effort at control are limited but the indication show that president and governors are generally successful in directing the actions of their subordinates (Marissa Golden, what motivates bureaucrats). 3.4 The courts: also can be involved in policy implementation or influence it when they play the role of interpretation of statutes and administrative rules and regulation and their review of administrative decisions in cases brought before them, it might be the most important influence on the implementation of policies and sometimes the courts go so far to take over the management of programs on behalf of the individuals who substantive and due process right have been violated. Recently, many of supreme courts recognize the need of administrative discretion and flexibility in some kinds of due process ruling, but they still retain jurisdiction over the actions of federal and state agencies. However, there are other factors may influence policy implementation such as community organization which could take a part the implementation of policy or programs especially at the local level. Another actor may involve in the implementation of policy who is pressure groups who always try to seeking to influence the guideline and regulation in the way that will benefit their cause. 4. Policy implementation approaches: There are two main approaches could help to understand better how policy implementation precedes the top-down approaches and the bottom-up approaches 4.1 The top down approaches: where the state policy implementation is influenced by federal level factors such as the clearness of law or regulations that federal government sends to the state Or the amount of resources that the federal government provides to the state which is crucial to the successful implementation of policies, and thats depend to the resources of the state or the local government some states are more independent on federal governmental aid than others. All this variables are very important to determine the success or the failure of any state implementation efforts. Top-down followers argue that policy designers are the main actors and focus their attention and concentration on the factors which might be manipulated at the national level. However there are so many attempts to develop top-down models of policy implementation one of them is Sabatier and mazmanian model. The top -down approach start by assuming that the decision -making is more taken by central government and it ask the next questions: To what extent the action of implementing officials and target groups consistent with that policy decision? What are the principal factors affecting the policy outputs and impacts, relevant to the official policy and politically significant? How was the policy formulated over time on the basis of experience? To what extent were the objectives attained over time or to what extent were the objectives consistent with the impacts? Nonstatutory variables affecting implementation Socioeconomic conditions and technology Media attention to the problem Public support Attitude and resources of constituency groups Support from sovereigns Commitment and leadership skill of implementing officials Ability of statue to structure implementation 1. Clear and consistent objectives 2. Incorporation of adequate causal theory 3. Financial resources 4. Hierarchal integration in implement institutions 5. Decision rules of implementing agencies 6 .formal access by outsider Stage (depend variables) in the implementation process Policy outputs of compliance with policy actual impacts of perceived impacts major revision Implemnt agency Outputs by target group policy outputs of policy outputs in statute Tractability of the problem 1-Availability of technical theory and technology 2-diversity of target-group behavior 3-extent of behavioral change required Figure 1-Skeletal flow diagram of the variables involved in the implementation process (mazmanian and Sabatier effective policy implementation p-7) These models identify 16 independent variable among three main categories: The tractability of the problem. The ability of the statute to structure implementation. Nonstatutory variables affecting implementation. But this model has been criticized because of the failing to illustrate which is the variables were likely to be more important, and also because of the assumption of the farmers of policy decision are the key actors. 4.2 The bottom-up approaches: there are some bottom-up factors which may affect success or failure of in implementation such as the state capacities (available resources and stuff) and the disposition of state some policies could be easily implemented than other according to attitude of state. For instance the liberalness or the conservativeness of the state political environment will affect how easily a policy is implemented. A welfare policy could be easier to implement in more liberal state rather than more conservative state. Contrary a conservative policy could be easier to implement in more conservative state rather than liberal one. Another factor may affect the implementation of policies which is the varying between states in terms of their capability to implement the federal policies for instance the number of staff that needed to implement some federal policies make a greatly different between various states. Also the amount of resources that each state allocate it to implement federal policies can make a various different in policy implementation from state to state, meaning that state which have more resources is much more likely to implement policy than other states with a few or less fiscal resources. Unlike the top-down model, the bottom-up approach of policy implementation stare by identifying the factors which involve in the service delivery in the local areas and asking about the goals, strategies, activities and also contacts, than try to develop a network technique to identify local, regional and national actors which involve in the policy implementation. This approach argues that the policies are determined by the bargaining between number of organization and their clients rather than being controlled by the central decision making. Also this approach have been received a number of criticisms for the assumption that policy implementation should occurs in a decentralization decision-making environment. Bottom-up approach was somewhat flowed by a rather limited explanation of implementation behavior as both a desirable from the implementation and the only analytical approach for complex organizational and political problem. Policy implementation tasks: It refers to the necessity of getting new way to implement policies, or what managers should do to avoid the negative aspects and complexity of implementation process. This framework divides the process of implement policies into six nearly successive tasks, these machinery will present with examples of how they emerge in apply: 4-1 Legitimation (Task 1) Legitimation means getting buy-in reform the appropriate people in the country to push the reform process forward. Furthermore Legitimation, or getting the policy accepted as important, desirable, and worth achieving, is especially critical for policies that are part of a donor assistance package, which risks being seen as externally imposed. This may result the policy champion or the group of manager and subordinate how might believe in this policy and seek to implement it well. Example provides help or assistance to concern with the negative aspect of corruption. 4-2 Constituency-building (Task2) Constituency-building, or gaining active support from groups that see the proposed reform as desirable or beneficial, needs to translate into commitment to act toward achieving the policy objectives. Â  So the task is pushing group to commit the reform by giving their best effort and resources to make it achieve. So many tools can be used to fulfill this task such as inviting public and private actors to workshops to discuss issues that relevant to each sector, and try to resolve the points which are not consensus, and try to draft the policies. 4-3 Resource Accumulation (Task 3( Resource accumulation means ensuring that present and future budgets and human resource allocations are sufficient to support policy implementation requirements, this task to secure the resources of the policy implementation process ,organization have different ways to accomplish this task by negotiate with the ministries about the budget allocated, or find a new resources allocation. 4-4 Organizational Design/Structure (Task 4( Organizational design/structure involves adjusting the objectives, procedures, systems, and structures of the agencies responsible for policy implementation. This task may include establishing new organizations, formal or informal, that links the various entities with a role in implementation, by establish action planning and results monitoring, this may lead to contribute of structure in the success of reducing fees charged. Mobilizing Actions (Task 5) Mobilizing actions builds upon the favorable constituencies assembled for the policy (Task 2) and marshals their policy implementation. Commitment and resources engage in concrete efforts to make change happen. Its focus is on identifying, activating, and pursuing action strategies. It move toward mobilized constituency and funds among the structures of organization, by create, develop and carry out the steps essential to interpret aims into results. These actions may help to build a consensus between government and civil society stakeholders, roles, responsibilities, and actions to make decentralization operational. Monitoring Impact (Task 6) Monitoring impact, or setting up and using systems to monitor implementation progress, is the final policy implementation task. Monitoring systems not only alert decision-makers to implementation snags, but also inform them of the intended and unintended impacts of implementation efforts. This monitoring may include establish a Policy Analysis and Implementation Unit to assist the president Economic Cabinet to improve policy decision-making with a strong focus on tracking implementation and results achieved. A good example here could be the livestock action plan committees monitored and noted problems in compliance with the plans steps to reduce excessive regulation in the countries of West Africa. Livestock producers credited this oversight with keeping the reforms on track and achieving the intended reductions in petty corruption and commerce-inhibiting regulation. Conclusion: The policy implementers should improve their understanding of the implementation process and implementation outcome by using the result of the several researches to redesign policies so they can do their work better and that is the policy makers and managers should be able to use the knowledge generated from the new finding in the research of policy implementation to facilitate the implementation. Also increasing use of the private sector including faith-based organization to implement policies raises new challenges for both those who design and those who implement policies, these challenges aside, the future of implementation research as an optimistic one and one that should greatly improve the understanding of this crucial phase of the policy cycle.

Gender Roles in Shakespeare Essay -- essays research papers

It is a peculiar feature of Shakespeare's plays that they both participate in and reflect the ideas of gender roles in Western society. To the extent that they reflect existing notions about the 'proper' roles of men and women, they can be said to be a product of their society. However, since they have been studied, performed, and taught for five hundred years, they may be seen as formative of contemporary notions about the relationships between males, females, and power. Derrida was right in asserting that "there is no 'outside' to the text." His claim is that every text is affected by every other text and every other speech act. As an instance, most of Shakespeare's plays have traceable sources for their central plots. Representations of gender in Renaissance drama are tied to their original presentation: "bearing the traces of their history in a theatrical enterprise which completely excluded women, (these texts) construct gender from a relentlessly androcentric perspective" (Helms 196). It is the ways in which these texts reflect or distort the gender expectations of society, either Elizabethan or contemporary, that is so important. Comedy that centers on the relationship between conventional couples rather than on resolution of the situation that keeps them apart is really quite difficult to find in Shakespeare. Ferdinand and Miranda are so uninteresting as a couple that their chief function seems to be as an excuse for Prospero to exhibit his art. The lovers in Midsummer Night’s Dream are certainly at their most entertaining when they're in love with the wrong person. It is the exaggerated character--Falstaff, Petruchio, Paulina, or Cleopatra--or those who step outside th... ...sp; Works Consulted Bamber, Linda. Comic Women, Tragic Men: A Study of Gender and Genre in Shakespeare. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1982 Belsey, Catherine. â€Å"Desire's Excess: Edward II, Troilus and Cressida, Othello." In Erotic Politics: Desire on the Renaissance Stage. Susan Zimmerman, ed. New York: Routledge,1992 Cook, Carol. "Unbodied Figures of Desire (on Troilus and Cressida)." In Performing Feminisms: Feminist Critical Theory and Theatre., Sue-Ellen Case, ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990 Dollimore, Jonathan. Subjectivity, Sexuality, and Transgression: The Jacobean Connection. Renaissance Drama n.s. 17 (1986), 53-81 Evans, G. Blakemore ed. The Riverside Shakespeare. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974 Kahn, CoppÃ… ¾lia. Man’s Estate: Masculine Identity in Shakespeare. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981 Traub, Valerie. Desire and Anxiety: Circulations of Sexuality in Shakespearean Drama. New York: Routledge 1992

Human Rights and Perspectives Notes Set Essay

Purpose of the text  ·To argue for the importance of the adversarial advocacy system of conducting trials  ·To argue for the need for a bill of human rights in British and Australian law as basic principles upon which the justice system can be built.  ·To demonstrate the extent of abuses of human rights and injustice in the world in the second half of the 20th century.  ·To demonstrate the extent of his own involvement in advocacy and the defence of human rights. Chapter: The trials of oz Conflicting Perspectives†¦  ·Ã¢â‚¬  The Philosophy of oz was a contradiction in terms† (Pg : 13) – SARCASTIC Suggesting the magazine had no philosphy at all and did not seriously threaten anything  ·Ã¢â‚¬  I knew all about the law- but nothing about justice and i was looking forward to seeing it done† (Pg: 21) – PUN This is a thought provocting pun, as we expect that one flows naturally from the other.  ·Ã¢â‚¬  What are we – the soviet union? † (Pg 39) Implying that roberston views the case as unfair, no freedom or rights of speech and press.  ·Ã¢â‚¬  Lordships pen† (pg 32) Refers to the fact the judge would only write what he chose to write. Chapter: Michael X on death row Conflicting Perspectives†¦  ·Geoffrey Robertson believes that Michael X is the creation of the media. He takes on a superior tone when discussing this (pg: 79-84) and describes him as a â€Å"hustler and a poseur†, dissmissing any real â€Å"achievements† by Michael X  ·Ã¢â‚¬  Token Black† implies his rise to fame in britian was because it was fashionable to have a black man involved in ones cause.  ·Emotive language is used when discussing the death penalty.  ·Ã¢â‚¬ Living Dead† referring to Michael X’s place on death row. – Juxtaposition  ·Ã¢â‚¬  The rest is not silent† a deliberate misquote from shakespeares Hamlet. This is effective because Hamlet is referring to the nothingness of death and the quite that follows.  ·Robertson emphasises the stress suffered as a result of death by hanging by juxtaposing the wailing and hailing of the hangmans victums to the sounds of breakfest. Chapter : The Romans in Britian Conflicting Perspectives†¦  ·Geoffrey Robertsons perspective was that the case was ludicrous in nature. His tone,amusement and sattire show this.  ·Prosecutrix – A pun combining prosecuter and domanatrix  ·He uses language such as â€Å"divened, rapturously and devout legal battallion† in order to place her in the category of a fundamentalist religious crusader.  ·Ã¢â‚¬ Grinded her loins† – Irony â€Å"Loins† were what she was crusading against loins

Research Paper-Privacy essays

Research Paper-Privacy essays Advances in technology and new emerging technology have caused many privacy advocate groups, such as the American Civil Liberties Union, to start voicing real concerns about privacy.(no your not paranoid p. 512) Powerful surveillance equipment such as face recognition software and programs used by website owners to monitor where people go on their websites, have caused much controversy.(The Issues p. 509) Also newer technology like genetic information, which has no real laws safeguarding its privacy has raised real concern among lawmakers.(Fighting Genetic Discrimination p. 522) Many laws are present to protect citizens from the government, i.e. the bill of rights, but no laws exist to protect the consumer from large companies. This lack of protections has put many consumers in a dangerous position, while lawmakers fail to keep up with emerging technology businesses are profiting.(Data-Collection p.958) We should be worried about this, agrees Mary Griffin, counsel for the Consumers U nion of the United States. People just dont know how little privacy protection they have when it comes to this stuff. (qtd. in Data-Collection p.958) Many Americans take privacy for granted they often expect it to be respected everywhere. Though this has not always been the case. During the lives of our founding fathers there was less privacy than one would think of today. In many towns and villages there were laws prohibiting individuals from living alone. (Background p.516) According to Patrick Marshall of CQ Researcher records in Middlesex Country, Mass. have shown that courts ordered the search of residences looking for single persons in 1668. He also adds that during the 1600s and 1700s there were no ceilings over rooms in many towns like Boston so what was said could be heard by all. During the construction of our constitution there was only concern over the government invading privacy so it was not un...

Grammar Myths Ending a Sentence with a Preposition

Grammar Myths Ending a Sentence with a Preposition Grammar Myths: Ending a Sentence with a Preposition Why do people always misquote me? Winston Churchill Ending a sentence with a preposition has long been forbidden by grammar pedants. And when accused of doing this, Winston Churchill is supposed to have responded: This is the sort of nonsense up with which I will not put! Do you see what he did there? And even if he probably never said it, it provides a great jumping off point for discussing a famous grammatical â€Å"rule.† So is ending a sentence with a preposition really so bad? And if not, where did the rule come from? Let us explain. The Origins of the Myth Some people insist that it’s wrong to end a sentence with a preposition. This is otherwise known as using a â€Å"terminal preposition.† The rule about this comes from the notion that English should follow the same rules as Latin, in which it is impossible to end a sentence with a preposition. For someone who holds this view, sentence A below would be wrong: A) You are reading the book which my article was published in. B) You are reading the book in which my article was published. The problem is that sentence A ends with the preposition â€Å"in,† while sentence B places the preposition in the middle of the sentence. Arguably, this makes B sound more formal than A. But, at the same time, it is easy to understand what sentence A means. And English is not Latin, so there is no reason to follow Latin-specific rules. Modern English is much more flexible about preposition placement. And there’s no reason not to end a sentence with a preposition. Is Ending a Sentence with a Preposition Wrong? In English, we regularly use prepositions at the end of sentences. As long as the sentence in question reads clearly, this is fine. In fact, as shown by the quote attributed to Churchill above, avoiding terminal prepositions can sometimes make a sentence more confusing! For instance, rather than â€Å"up with which I will not put,† we would usually say: This is the sort of nonsense which I will not put up with! And while this sentence ends with the preposition â€Å"with,† it is easier to understand than the original version, which was designed to show what happens when we follow grammar â€Å"rules† blindly. The â€Å"rule† forbidding terminal prepositions is thus a myth. But, more importantly, it’s also bad advice! Most of the time, it’s fine to end a sentence with a preposition, especially if it’s part of a verb phrase such as â€Å"put up with.† The key is ensuring your work is clear and easy to read. And if you’re ever unsure whether you’re using prepositions correctly, we’re here to help!

Gay Marriage and Adoption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gay Marriage and Adoption - Essay Example The major problem in the country is that the gay community feels that civil partnerships are less valued than marriages and therefore, there is need for the government to recognize their unions as marriage (Culley, 2007). However, critics argue that if this is implemented, it will redefine marriage, which according to them, is a union between a man and a woman. This paper is a critical evaluation of gay marriage and adoption in the United Kingdom. Discussion Gay marriage is a marriage which incorporates the unification of persons of the same sex. This is for example a marriage between a man and man or a woman and a woman. In the UK, this type of marriage is not recognized under the common law. Article 12 of the European convention on human rights, which the UK is party to, does not compel European countries to recognize gay marriage as a human right (Culley, 2007). This assertion has been applied in the European court of human rights while resolving disputes involving gay rights. For example, the court ruled out a case, which was presented before it by a French gay couple, Valerie Gas and Nathalie Dubois, who claimed that the denial of adoption rights by the French was discriminatory and against article 12 of the European convention on human rights (Bowater, 2012). However, the British government, with the support of the prime minister, has been consulting rigorously on the possibility of legalizing gay marriages. The ministry concerned with issues of equality in the country has made it clear than no threats or opposition will hamper efforts to ensure that these marriages are allowed by the end of 2015 (BBC, 2012). Currently, the country only recognizes civil partnerships involving same sex couples. It has been argued that this has already given these people more than enough civil liberties and therefore, the debate to legalize gay marriages is a waste of precious time, which could be spent in discussing other important issues affecting this community. However, gay couples feel that the categorization of their relationships as civil partnerships is not enough as this makes them inferior to heterosexual couples (Culley, 2007). They have the right to feel this way owing to the fact that there is a possibility of being treated unfairly whenever they indicate their marital status, for example in documents while seeking employment. Some of these documents have blank spaces in which one is supposed to fill whether he is married or in a civil partnership. This may have a direct impact on the decisions of the recruiting officers, who may be homophobic. Despite the fact that UK laws prohibit such discrimination, it may be difficult to prove that the reason a person was not hired was due to his or her sexual orientation. This may be worse in the private sector, where hiring processes are not closely monitored by government instruments. Recognizing gay marriage will definitely remove this obstacle thereby resulting to a situation where an interviewe e will only be required to state whether he is single or married. The law prohibits calling out people to identify their sexual orientation and therefore, it will be easy for victims to know what law to cite when defending their accusations (Hicks, 2008). Marriage is a union, which is founded on love and synchronization of bodily needs and desires. The move by some of